Lesson Plan

Construct a two-way frequency table from raw bivariate categorical data, including row totals, column totals, and the grand total

Read joint and marginal frequencies from a two-way table and compute the corresponding probabilities for a randomly selected object

Use the table as a sample space to approximate conditional probabilities, such as P(favors science | tenth grade), by restricting to a row or column

Decide whether two categorical events are independent using table-based probabilities (comparing a conditional probability to a marginal, or a joint probability to the product of marginals)

Interpret and compare conditional probabilities across categories in context, distinguishing association from causation

HSS.CP.A.4

HSS.CP.A.4: Construct and interpret two-way frequency tables of data when two categories are associated with each object being classified. Use the two-way table as a sample space to decide if events are independent and to approximate conditional probabilities. For example, collect data from a random sample of students in your school on their favorite subject among math, science, and English. Estimate the probability that a randomly selected student from your school will favor science given that the student is in tenth grade. Do the same for other subjects and compare the results.